Forging flexibility: The science and innovation behind modern NiTi rotary endodontic files

• Author Details:   
• Darshana Baruah ^*
• Parul Bansal
• Nikita Sharma
• Nabanita Sarma
• Nitin D Palakal
• Iti Gupta
• Prishita Malani

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Nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments have revolutionized root canal therapy by offering unparalleled flexibility, superelasticity, and efficiency in canal shaping. This article reviews the metallurgical principles and proprietary innovations that have transformed conventional NiTi into a smart and adaptive material, including microstructural phase control, heat treatment protocols, surface modification techniques, and commercially available thermally modified file systems. These advancements enhance clinical performance by improving cyclic fatigue resistance, shaping efficiency, and patient safety.