Introduction
The success of root canal treatment depends on cleaning, shaping and obturation of the canal spaces in all dimensions. Slowey1, 2 has used the term “Endodontist’s enigma for mandibular first premolar because it is most difficult tooth to perform successful endodontic treatment as this tooth is having many anatomical configurations.
Anatomic root canal variations are classified into different types by the Vertucci. According to him, If a single root canal in the coronal region, divides into two separate canals in the apical region of tooth, Then, this configuration is known as type V.
Many studies showed that mostly mandibular first premolar shows one and two root canal system ranged from 69.3%-86% and 14%-25.5%3 respectively. However, some mandibular first premolars show type V canal configuration accounted for only 1.5% to 6.66% of all mandibular first premolars. 3, 4
Case History
A 27year old male patient reported to the department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dental sciences with the chief complaint of pain and swelling in right lower back region of the mouth for the past 3 days. Patient’s medical and dental history was insignificant. Clinical examination revealed a carious right mandibular first premolar. The tooth was tender on percussion. Thorough radiographic examination revealed existence of single root with one canal in coronal region dividing into two separate canals in apical region, suggesting a Vertucci type V root canal configuration (Figure 1). Periapical radiolucency was observed in intraoral periapical radiograph, indicating periapical lesion.
Figure 1
Preoperative intraoral radiograph of mandibular right 1st premolar showing two roots and periapical radiolucency (CBCT)
The radiographic examination led to a diagnosis of chronic periapical abscess in right mandibular first premolar requiring endodontic therapy. After taking informed consent from the patient, the tooth was anaesthetized by 2% solution of lignocaine hydrochloride containing 1:80000 adrenaline and subsequently isolated with a rubber dam. Access cavity was prepared with Endo Access bur and Endo Z bur with a high speed airotor handpiece. After complete deroofing of pulp chamber; the pulp chamber floor was thoroughly inspected to locate root canal orifices using DG 16 explorer.
First a #10K file inserted in buccal canal, the next #10K file was pre-curved and inserted in a distolingual direction to traverse the canal bifurcation into the second canal. Working length was taken using an electronic apex locator (J.MORITA- DENTA PORT ZX) and an IOPA radiograph was also taken to confirm the presence of a single coronal canal bifurcating into two separate canals in apical region (Figure 2).
Biomechanical preparation was done with protaper rotary instrument upto # 25/04 file. Irrigation procedure was carried out with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. All canals were dried with sterile paper points and filled with calcium hydroxide (Ultracal) paste using Lentulo spiral (Dentsply Maillefer) size 25. The access chamber was sealed with Cavit (3M ESPE) and the patient was recalled after two weeks.
The patient was totally asymptomatic in second appointment, so after rubber dam isolation, Cavit was removed and calcium hydroxide was flushed from the canals using saline irrigation. Canals were dried using sterile paper points and gutta-percha master cones corresponding to the size of master apical file were inserted to the full working length and apical tug back was confirmed (Figure 3). Obturation was done using single cone technique with buccal canal first followed by lingual canal using AH plus sealer. The tooth was restored with composite resin (Figure 4).
Discussion
The possibility of variations in root canal morphology must be considered before root canal treatment.1 For the successful endodontic treatment anatomical variations, especially VERTUCCI type V root canal configuration, which is not very common in premolars should be kept in mind because canal preparation and obturation in such cases are challenging and inability to achieve this, can lead to treatment failure.
Proper and accurate interpretation of radiographs taken at different angulations, using paralleling technique are crucial for proper diagnosis of presence of number of roots and root canals existing in the tooth. Miyoshi et al concluded the presence of some variation in canal configuration if the middle-root diameter appears equal or greater than the coronal diameter in the preoperative radiograph.5 Yoshioka et al, indicated the sudden narrowing of the canal system on a parallel radiograph is suggestive of multiple canals. 6, 7
Bio-mechanical preparation of the root canals is done with rotary files because of its certain advantages over hand files like excellent flexibility, lower incidence of apical transportation and superior fracture resistance.8
Intracanal dressing in the form of calcium hydroxide was given in between the appointments. Calcium hydroxide was chosen due to its highly alkaline nature and release of hydroxyl ions thus making it highly efficient antibacterial agent.9, 10 It can also be easily flushed off from the canals (more than 80%) thus not hampering the seal of root canal sealer with root canal wall.
Obturation was done with single cone technique, first buccal canal followed by lingual canal using AH plus sealer. Endodontic success largely depends on the post-op restoration, which if not done thoroughly can lead to microleakage and ultimately treatment failure. In this case composite resin restoration was done immediately after obturation, followed by full crown.
Conclusion
A proper knowledge of root canal anatomy promotes successful endodontic treatment. This case report describes the conservative management of mandibular first premolar with VERTUCCI type V root canal configuration which was diagnosed, treated and followed up till nearly complete resolution of periapical pathology at 12 months. Such type of cases with complex anatomy of the root canal can be successfully managed if the clinician has thorough knowledge of root canals.
Author Contribution
All authors have contributed significantly and are in agreement with the manuscript.
Acknowledgement
First, I would like to express a token of thanks to my institute (Faculty of Dental Sciences, BHU) for providing me such a supportive and emerging environment. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Guide professor “Dr. Neelam mittal” and my senior “Dr. Shelly sharma” who helped me in completing my case report. I came to know about so many new things during publishing it. I am really thankful to them.
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